H. System Tests Analysis and Operation

1. Electrical Drawings and Diagrams

Electrical diagrams are drawings which are used to represent electrical circuits, these circuits are represented by using lines, symbols, and number combinations. Electrical diagrams show the wiring between components and the relative position of the components.

Demonstrate understanding of electrical one-line diagrams ²

• Understanding Substation Single Line Diagrams and IEC 61850 Process Bus (Depicting Relay Circuits)

Interpret electrical one-line diagrams ^{3, 4}

• 10 Electrical Distribution System Arrangements Explained
• Electrical Substation Bus Schemes Explained
• Single line diagrams of emergency and standby power systems with automatic transfer switch (ATS)

Interpret ac and dc schematic diagrams, ac three-line diagrams, and connection and interconnection drawings ^{2, 3, 4}

• Electrical Drawings and Schematics Overview
• Reading and Understanding AC and DC Schematics In Protection And Control Relaying
• Re-drawing Complex Schematics
• Wiring Diagram Handbook
• Circuit Breaker Control Schematic Explained
• How good are you at reading electrical drawings? Take the quiz.
• Electrical Ladder Drawing Basics
• Decrypting Control System Drawings

Identify electrical symbols and ANSI device numbers ^{2, 3, 4}

• IEEE C37.2 Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers and Contact Designations
• Important Electrical One-Line Diagram Symbols
• Important ANSI/IEEE Electrical Device Numbers
• IEEE 315 Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams

Interpret time-current curves ^{2, 3, 4}

• Understanding Time Current Curves
• Characteristics of Circuit Breaker Trip Curves and Coordination
• Time-Current Curves explained in detail
• Selective coordination between LV circuit breakers
• 6 Adjustable Tripping Settings of a Circuit Breaker You MUST Understand

2. Power System Studies

Power system studies are essential tools in understanding the expected performance of an electrical system and determining the severity of a fault or other unexpected event. The data contained within a power system study can be used to safeguard workers by calculating the level of personal protective equipment involved and reduce damage to equipment by optimizing the fault clearing capabilities of protective devices.

Recognize essential components of short-circuit and coordination studies ^{2, 3, 4}

• NETA-ATS 2017: Section 6 Power System Studies ^2 3 4
• NFPA 70B: Chapter 9 System Studies ^2 3 4
• Data Requirements for Power System Studies
• Data Collection for Power System Studies
• Understanding and Using Additional Utility Data when Performing an Arc Flash Hazard Analysis

Demonstrate basic understanding of short-circuit and coordination studies ²

• IEEE 141 Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants ^2 3 4
• Power System Studies: Types and Applications Explained

Apply data extracted from short-circuit and coordination studies ^{3, 4}

• IEEE 399 Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis (Brown Book) ³
• Power Distribution Planning Reference Book H. Lee Willis ³
• Short-Circuit and Protection Coordination Studies
• What Came First: Distribution Equipment or Coordination Study?
• SKM Example Power Systems Study Specifications
• Protective Coordination

3. Harmonics

Harmonics are the result of nonlinear loads that convert AC line voltage to DC. Harmonics flow into the electrical system because of nonlinear electronic switching devices, such as variable frequency drives (VFDs), computer power supplies and energy-efficient lighting.

Recognize cause and effects of power system harmonics ^{3, 4}

• IEEE 519 Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems ³
• Understanding Power System Harmonics A Reference Guide to Causes, Effects and Corrective Measures
• Effects of Harmonics on Power Systems
• Eliminating harmonics from the facility power system
• Harmonic Reduction Methods
• Q&A Harmonics in power systems
• Mike Holt Power Quality Articles

4. Industry Standards

Demonstrate advanced understanding of industry standards as they apply to frequency of power system studies ^{3, 4}

• ANSI/NETA MTS: Appendix C - Frequency of Power System Studies ³
• NERC Regulatory Standards ⁴
• Should I Wait FIVE Years to Review My Arc-flash Hazard Analysis?
• Archiving Protective Relay Settings

Last Update: Aug 21, 2023