I. Protective Relays

1. Properties and Types

Identify properties, types, and applications ^{2, 3, 4}

• Programming Numerical Relays to Alarm
• The Art & Science of Protective Relaying
• Protective Relaying for Power Generation Systems Donald Reimert ³
• Power System Relaying Stanley H. Horowitz ⁴
• Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications J. Lewis Blackburn ⁴
• Relay Selection Guide
• Fundamental overcurrent, distance and differential protection principles
• Protective Relaying Terms and Definitions
• Relay control and protection guides
• Inverse Time Overcurrent Relays and Curves Explained
• Aligning CT Polarity for Multi-Current Input Differential Relays
• How Multi-Function Numerical Protection Relays Use Symmetrical Components

2. Inspection and Test Procedures

Apply visual and mechanical inspections ^{2, 3, 4}

• Laws of Relay Testing
• Cooperation: The Key to Relay Protection System Reliability
• IEEE 242 Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems ⁴
• Protective Relay Testing and Maintenance Overview
• Building fundamental knowledge of Relay Protection

Employ methods and procedures for electrical tests ^{2, 3, 4}

• NFPA 70B: Chapter 11.12 Protective Relays ^{2, 3, 4}
• The Relay Testing Handbook: Principles and Practice ³
• Field Testing Procedures for Protective Relays
• Protective Relay Protection Element Tests
• Optional maintenance tests for microprocessor relays
• Dynamic Testing of Numerical Protection Relays
• Testing Loss-of-Field / Loss-of-Excitation Elements (40)

3. Interpretation of Test Results

Evaluate results of electrical tests ^{2, 3, 4}

• NETA-ATS 2017: Section 7.9 Protective Relays ^2 3 4
• NETA-MTS 2019: Section 7.9 Protective Relays ^2 3 4

Last Update: Feb 02, 2025